## O-joung Kwon (권오정) gave a talk on upper bounds of twin-width and reduced-bandwidth of planar graphs and H-minor-free graphs at the Discrete Math Seminar

On January 25, 2022, O-joung Kwon (권오정) from the Incheon National University / IBS Discrete Mathematics Group gave a talk at the Discrete Math Seminar on upper bounds of the twin-width and reduced-bandwidth of planar graphs and H-minor-free graphs at the Discrete Math Seminar. The title of his talk was “Reduced bandwidth: a qualitative strengthening of twin-width in minor-closed classes (and beyond)“.

## O-joung Kwon (권오정), Reduced bandwidth: a qualitative strengthening of twin-width in minor-closed classes (and beyond)

In a reduction sequence of a graph, vertices are successively identified until the graph has one vertex. At each step, when identifying $u$ and $v$, each edge incident to exactly one of $u$ and $v$ is coloured red. Bonnet, Kim, Thomassé, and Watrigant [FOCS 2020] defined the twin-width of a graph $G$ to be the minimum integer $k$ such that there is a reduction sequence of $G$ in which every red graph has maximum degree at most $k$. For any graph parameter $f$, we define the reduced-$f$ of a graph $G$ to be the minimum integer $k$ such that there is a reduction sequence of $G$ in which every red graph has $f$ at most $k$. Our focus is on graph classes with bounded reduced-bandwidth, which implies and is stronger than bounded twin-width (reduced-maximum-degree).

We show that every proper minor-closed class has bounded reduced-bandwidth, which is qualitatively stronger than a result of Bonnet et al. for bounded twin-width. In many instances, we also make quantitative improvements. For example, all previous upper bounds on the twin-width of planar graphs were at least $2^{1000}$. We show that planar graphs have reduced-bandwidth at most $466$ and twin-width at most $583$; moreover, the witnessing reduction sequence can be constructed in polynomial time. We show that $d$-powers of graphs in a proper minor-closed class have bounded reduced-bandwidth (irrespective of the degree of the vertices).

This is joint work with Édouard bonnet and David Wood.

## O-joung Kwon (권오정) gave a talk on classes of intersection digraphs and their bi-min-width at the Discrete Math Seminar as a part of the “Round the World Relay in Combinatorics”

The “Round the World Relay in Combinatorics” was held from 11 am KST of June 8 to 9 am KST of June 9. O-joung Kwon (권오정) from the Incheon National University and the IBS Discrete Mathematics Group gave a talk at the Discrete Math Seminar organized as a part of the “Round the World Relay in Combinatorics” at 3 pm KST. His talk was about classes of intersection digraphs and their bi-min-width. The title of his talk was “Classes of intersection digraphs with good algorithmic properties“.

## O-joung Kwon (권오정), Classes of intersection digraphs with good algorithmic properties

An intersection digraph is a digraph where every vertex $v$ is represented by an ordered pair $(S_v, T_v)$ of sets such that there is an edge from $v$ to $w$ if and only if $S_v$ and $T_w$ intersect. An intersection digraph is reflexive if $S_v\cap T_v\neq \emptyset$ for every vertex $v$. Compared to well-known undirected intersection graphs like interval graphs and permutation graphs, not many algorithmic applications on intersection digraphs have been developed.

Motivated by the successful story on algorithmic applications of intersection graphs using a graph width parameter called mim-width, we introduce its directed analogue called `bi-mim-width’ and prove that various classes of reflexive intersection digraphs have bounded bi-mim-width. In particular, we show that as a natural extension of $H$-graphs, reflexive $H$-digraphs have linear bi-mim-width at most $12|E(H)|$, which extends a bound on the linear mim-width of $H$-graphs [On the Tractability of Optimization Problems on $H$-Graphs. Algorithmica 2020]

For applications, we introduce a novel framework of directed versions of locally checkable problems, that streamlines the definitions and the study of many problems in the literature and facilitates their common algorithmic treatment. We obtain unified polynomial-time algorithms for these problems on digraphs of bounded bi-mim-width, when a branch decomposition is given. Locally checkable problems include Kernel, Dominating Set, and Directed $H$-Homomorphism.

#### This seminar is a part of the “Round the World Relay in Combinatorics” on June 8, 2021.

http://people.maths.ox.ac.uk/scott/relay.htm

• 2:00 UTC, 11:00 KST Melbourne (Australia) Monash University
David Wood (Monash University), Universality in Minor-Closed Graph Classes
• 3:00 UTC, 12:00 KST Shanghai (China) Shanghai Center for Mathematical Sciences
Baogang Xu (Nanjing Normal University, China), On coloring of graphs of girth 2l+1 without longer odd holes
• 4:00 UTC, 13:00 KST Auckland (New Zealand) The University of Auckland
Jeroen Schillewaert (University of Auckland), Constructing highly regular expanders from hyperbolic Coxeter groups
• 5:00 UTC, 14:00 KST Sydney (Australia) Combinatorial Mathematics Society of Australasia
Gordon Royle (University of Western Australia (UWA)), Real chromatic roots of planar graphs
• 6:00 UTC, 15:00 KST Daejeon (Korea) IBS Discrete Mathematics Group
O-joung Kwon (Incheon National University and IBS Discrete Mathematics Group), Classes of intersection digraphs with good algorithmic properties
• 7:00 UTC, 16:00 KST Krakow (Poland) Jagiellonian University
Bartosz Walczak (Jagiellonian), Coloring polygon visibility graphs and their generalizations
• 8:00 UTC, 17:00 KST Glasgow (UK) University of Glasgow
Heng Guo (University of Edinburgh), A Markov chain approach towards the sampling Lovász local lemma
• 9:00 UTC, 18:00 KST London (UK) London School of Economics
Annika Heckel (LMU), How does the chromatic number of a random graph vary?
• 10:00 UTC, 19:00 KST Moscow (Russia) Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
Noga Alon (Princeton and Tel Aviv)
• 11:00 UTC, 20:00 KST Budapest (Hungary) Hungarian Academy of Sciences + Eötvös Loránd University
László Lovász (Eotvos University, Budapest)
• 12:00 UTC, 21:00 KST Bordeaux (France) LaBRI
Carla Groenland (Utrecht University), Universal Graphs and Labelling Schemes
• 13:00 UTC, 22:00 KST New York (USA) City University of New York + Montclair State University + Hofstra University
Deepak Bal (Montclair State University)
• 14:00 UTC, 23:00 KST Prague (Czech) Czech Academy of Sciences + Czech Technical University + London School of Economics
Dhruv Mubayi (University of Illinois at Chicago), The feasible region of hypergraphs
• 15:00 UTC, 00:00 KST Brno (Czech) Masaryk University
James Davies (University of Waterloo), Colouring circle graphs and their generalisations
• 16:00 UTC, 01:00 KST Oxford (UK) University of Oxford
Jacob Fox (Stanford University), Removal lemmas
• 17:00 UTC, 02:00 KST Columbus (USA) Ohio State University
Allan Sly (Princeton University)
• 18:00 UTC, 03:00 KST Rio (Brazil) Instituto de Matemática Pura e Aplicada
Marcelo Campos (IMPA), The singularity probability of a random symmetric matrix is exponentially small
• 19:00 UTC, 04:00 KST Atlanta (USA) Georgia Institute of Technology
Jim Geelen (University of Waterloo), Homomorphisms and colouring for graphs and binary matroids
• 20:00 UTC, 05:00 KST Santiago (Chile) Universidad de Chile
David Conlon (Caltech)
• 21:00 UTC, 06:00 KST Burnaby (Canada) Simon Fraser University
Fan Chung (UCSD), Trees and forests in Green’s functions of a graph
• 22:00 UTC, 07:00 KST Victoria (Canada) University of Victoria
Andrew Suk (UCSD), Turán-type problems for point-line incidences
• 23:00 UTC, 08:00 KST Fairbanks (USA) University of Alaska
Ron Gould (Emory), Chorded cycles

## O-joung Kwon (권오정) gave a talk on generalizing tangles and tangle-tree decompositions to directed graphs at the Discrete Math Seminar

On January 5, 2021, O-joung Kwon (권오정) from Incheon National University and IBS Discrete Mathematics Group presented his recent work with Archontia C. Giannopoulou, Ken-ichi Kawarabayashi, Stephan Kreutzer, and Qiqin Xie on generalizing tangles and tangle-tree decompositions to directed graphs at the Discrete Math Seminar. The title of his talk was “Directed tangles and applications“.

## O-joung Kwon (권오정), Directed tangles and applications

The canonical tree-decomposition theorem, proved by Robertson and Seymour in their seminal graph minors series, turns out to be an extremely valuable tool in structural and algorithmic graph theory. In this paper, we prove the analogous result for digraphs, the directed tangle tree-decomposition theorem. More precisely, we introduce directed tangles and provide a directed tree-decomposition of digraphs $G$ that distinguishes all maximal directed tangles in $G$. Furthermore, for any integer $k$, we construct a directed tree-decomposition that distinguishes all directed tangles of order $k$, for any integer $k$.

By relaxing the bound slightly, we can make the previous result algorithmic: for fixed $k$, we design a polynomial-time algorithm that finds a directed tree-decomposition distinguishing all directed tangles of order $3k$ separated by some separation of order less than $k$.

We provide two direct applications of this tangle tree-decomposition theorem. First, we show that the family of directed odd cycles has the half-integral Erdős-Pósa property, that is, there is a function $f:\mathbb{N}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ such that for every digraph $G$ and every integer $k$, either $G$ contains a family of $k$ directed odd cycles where every vertex of $G$ is contained at most two cycles, or a vertex subset of size at most $f(k)$ hitting all directed odd cycles. This extends the half-integral Erdős-Pósa property for undirected odd cycles, shown by Reed [Mangoes and blueberries. Combinatorica 1999].

Second, for every fixed $k$ we show that there is a polynomial-time algorithm which, on input $G$, and source and sink vertices $(s_1, t_1), \dots, (s_k, t_k)$, either finds a family of paths $P_1, \dots, P_k$ such that each $P_i$ links $s_i$ to $t_i$ and every vertex of $G$ is contained in at most two paths, or determines that there is no set of pairwise vertex-disjoint paths each connecting $s_i$  to $t_i$. This result improves previous results (with “two” replaced by “three”), and given known hardness results, our result is best possible in a sense that we cannot hope for fixed parameter tractability or fully vertex-disjoint directed paths.

This is joint work with Archontia C. Giannopoulou, Ken-ichi Kawarabayashi, Stephan Kreutzer, and Qiqin Xie.

## O-joung Kwon (권오정) gave a survey talk on the MIM-width of graphs at the Discrete Math Seminar

On May 19, 2020, O-joung Kwon (권오정) from Incheon National University and IBS Discrete Mathematics Group presented a survey talk on the MIM-width of graphs. The title of his talk was “Mim-width: a width parameter beyond rank-width“.

After I presented the talk, Benjamin Bergougnoux commented me that the claim of (Boyaci, Ekim, Shalom 17) at 1:02:40 was recently disproved by Kratochvíl, Masařík, and Novotná (https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.08311). I would like to thank Benjamin for the comment. Whether or not there is a polynomial-time algorithm for Max Cut on proper interval graphs is still open.
O-joung Kwon

## O-joung Kwon (권오정), Mim-width: a width parameter beyond rank-width

Vatshelle (2012) introduced a width parameter called mim-width. It is based on the following cut function : for a vertex partition (A,B) of a graph, the complexity of this partition is computed by the size of a maximum induced matching of the bipartite subgraph induced by edges between A and B. This parameter naturally extends the expressibility power of the graph parameters clique-width and rank-width, which have been well-developed in recent years. In a series of papers, we explored the computational complexity of several problems, parameterized by mim-width. We summarize known structural properties and algorithmic applications of mim-width, and give some open problems at the end. This is joint work with Lars Jaffke, Torstein Strømme, and Jan Arne Telle.

## The 2nd East Asia Workshop on Extremal and Structural Graph Theory

The 2nd East Asia Workshop on Extremal and Structural Graph Theory is a workshop to bring active researchers in the field of extremal and structural graph theory, especially in the East Asia such as China, Japan, and Korea.

## Date

Oct 31, 2019 (Arrival Day) – Nov 4, 2019 (Departure Day)

## Venue and Date

1st floor  Diamond Hall

UTOP UBLESS Hotel, Jeju, Korea (유탑유블레스호텔제주) Address: 502 Johamhaean-ro, Jocheon-eup, Jeju, Korea (제주특별자치도 제주시 조천읍 조함해안로 502) We plan to support the accommodation for invited participants.

## Invited Speakers

• Ping Hu, Sun Yat-Sen University, China
• Jaehoon Kim, KAIST, Korea
• O-joung Kwon, Incheon National University and IBS Discrete Mathematics Group, Korea
• Joonkyung Lee, University of Hamburg, Germany
• Binlong Li, Northwestern Polytechnical University, China
• Hongliang Lu, Xi’an Jiaotong University, China
• Abhishek Methuku, IBS Discrete Mathematics Group, Korea
• Atsuhiro Nakamoto, Yokohama National University, Japan
• Kenta Noguchi, Tokyo University of Science, Japan
• Kenta Ozeki, Yokohama National University, Japan
• Boram Park, Ajou University, Korea
• Yuejian Peng, Hunan University, China
• Zi-Xia Song, University of Central Florida, U.S.A.
• Tomáš Kaiser, University of West Bohemia, Czech Republic.
• Maho Yokota, Tokyo University of Science, Japan.
• Xuding Zhu, Zhejiang Normal University, China

More speakers to be announced as soon as confirmed. Last update: September 10.

## Program

#### Day 0 (Oct. 31 Thursday)

• 4:00PM-6:00Pm Registration and Discussions

#### Day 1 (Nov. 1 Friday)

• 9:20AM-9:50AM Jaehoon Kim, A quantitative result on the polynomial Schur’s theorem
• 10:00AM-10:30AM Yuejian Peng, Lagrangian densities of hypergraphs
• 10:30AM-10:50AM Coffee Break
• 10:50AM-11:20AM Atsuhiro Nakamoto, Geometric quadrangulations on the plane
• 11:30AM-12:00PM Ping HuThe inducibility of oriented stars
• 2:00PM-2:30PM Boram Park, 5-star coloring of some sparse graphs
• 2:40PM-3:10PM Kenta Ozeki, An orientation of graphs with out-degree constraint
• 3:10PM-3:30PM Coffee Break
• 3:30PM-5:30PM Problem session

#### Day 2 (Nov. 2 Saturday)

• 9:20AM-9:50AM Xuding Zhu, List colouring and Alon-Tarsi number of planar graphs
• 10:00AM-10:30AM O-joung Kwon, A survey of recent progress on Erdős-Pósa type problems
• 10:30AM-10:50AM Coffee Break
• 10:50AM-11:20AM Kenta NoguchiExtension of a quadrangulation to triangulations, and spanning quadrangulations of a triangulation
• 11:30AM-12:00PM Zi-Xia Song, Ramsey numbers of cycles under Gallai colorings
• 2:00PM-2:30PM Binlong Li, Cycles through all finite vertex sets in infinite graphs
• 2:40PM-3:10PM Tomáš Kaiser, Hamilton cycles in tough chordal graphs
• 3:20PM-3:50PM Abhishek Methuku, On a hypergraph bipartite Turán problem
• 3:50PM-4:10PM Coffee Break
• 4:10PM-6:00PM Problem session and discussion

#### Day 3 (Nov. 3 Sunday)

• 9:20AM-9:50AM Joonkyung Lee, Odd cycles in subgraphs of sparse pseudorandom graphs
• 10:00AM-10:30AM Maho Yokota, Connectivity, toughness and forbidden subgraph conditions
• 10:30AM-10:50AM Coffee Break
• 10:50AM-11:20AM Hongliang Lu, On minimum degree thresholds for fractional perfect matchings and near perfect matchings in hypergraphs
• 11:30AM-12:00PM Contributed Talks
• 2:00PM-6:00PM Problem session / Discussions / Hike

#### Day 4 (Nov. 4 Monday)

• 9:00AM-10:30AM Discussions

## Organizers

• Seog-Jin Kim, Konkuk University, Korea.
• Sang-il Oum, IBS Discrete Mathematics Group, Korea and KAIST, Korea.
• Kenta Ozeki, Yokohama National University, Japan.
• Hehui Wu, Shanghai Center for Mathematical Sciences, China.

IBS Discrete Mathematics Group, Korea.

## Abstracts

#### Ping Hu, The inducibility of oriented stars

Let $S_{k,\ell}$ denote the oriented star with $k+\ell$ edges, where the center has out-degree $k$ and in-degree $\ell$. For all $k,\ell$ with $k+\ell$ large, we determine n-vertex digraphs $G$ which maximize the number of induced $S_{k,\ell}$. This extends a result of Huang (2014) for all $S_{k,0}$, and a result of Hladký, Král’ and Norin for $S_{1,1}$. Joint work with Jie Ma, Sergey Norin, and Hehui Wu.

#### Jaehoon Kim, A quantitative result on the polynomial Schur’s theorem

Recently, Liu, Pach, and Sándor [arXiv:1811.05200] proved that for a polynomial $p(z)\in \mathbb{Z}[z]$, any $2$-coloring of $\mathbb{N}$ has infinitely many monochromatic solutions of the equatoin $x+y=p(z)$ if and only if $2\mid p(0)p(1)$. We improve their result in a quantitative way. We prove that if $p(z)$ has degree $d \neq 3$ and $2\mid p(0)p(1)$, then any $2$-coloring of $[n]=\{1,\dots, n\}$ contains at least $n^{2/d^2 -o(1)}$ monochromatic solutions. This is sharp as there exists a coloring of $[n]$ with $O(n^{2/d^2})$ monochromatic solutions. Our method also gives some bound for the case when $d=3$, but it is not sharp. We also prove that if $2\mid p(0)p(1)$, then the interval $[n, p(\lceil \frac{p(n)}{2} \rceil)]$ contains at least one monochromatic solution of $x+y=p(z)$. This is sharp up to multiplicative constant at most two as one can color $[n, \frac{1}{2}p(\lceil \frac{p(n)}{2} \rceil)-1]$ with no monochromatic solutions. Joint work with Hong Liu and Péter Pál Pach.

#### O-joung Kwon, A survey of recent progress on Erdős-Pósa type problems

A graph family $\mathcal{F}$ is said to have the Erdős-Pósa property if there is a function $f$ such that for every graph $G$ and an integer $k$, either $G$ contains $k$ disjoint copies of graphs in $\mathcal{F}$, or it has a vertex set of size at most $f(k)$ that hits all copies of graphs in $\mathcal{F}$. This name is motivated from the Erdős-Pósa theorem (1965) which says that the set of cycles has the Erdős-Pósa property. In this talk, we survey on progress of finding various graph families that have the Erdős-Pósa property, and would like to pose interesting open problems.

#### Joonkyung Lee, Odd cycles in subgraphs of sparse pseudorandom graphs

We answer two extremal questions about odd cycles that naturally arise in the study of sparse pseudorandom graphs. Let $\Gamma$ be an $(n,d,\lambda)$-graph, i.e., $n$-vertex, $d$-regular graphs with all nontrivial eigenvalues in the interval $[-\lambda,\lambda]$. Krivelevich, Lee, and Sudakov conjectured that, whenever $\lambda^{2k-1}\ll d^{2k}/n$, every subgraph $G$ of $\Gamma$ with $(1/2+o(1))e(\Gamma)$ edges contains an odd cycle $C_{2k+1}$. Aigner-Horev, Hàn, and the third author proved a weaker statment by allowing an extra polylogarithmic factor in the assumption $\lambda^{2k-1}\ll d^{2k}/n$, but we completely remove it and hence settle the conjecture. This also generalises Sudakov, Szabo, and Vu’s Turán-type theorem for triangles. Secondly, we obtain a Ramsey multiplicity result for odd cycles. Namely, in the same range of parameters, we prove that every 2-edge-colouring of $\Gamma$ contains at least $(1-o(1))2^{-2k}d^{2k+1}$ monochromatic copies of $C_{2k+1}$. Both results are asymptotically best possible by Alon and Kahale’s construction of $C_{2k+1}$-free pseudorandom graphs. Joint work with Sören Berger, Mathias Schacht.

#### Binlong Li, Cycles through all finite vertex sets in infinite graphs

A closed curve in the Freudenthal compactification $|G|$ of an infinite locally finite graph $G$ is called a Hamiltonian curve if it meets every vertex of $G$ exactly once (and hence it meets every end at least once). We prove that $|G|$ has a Hamiltonian curve if and only if every finite vertex set of $G$ is contained in a cycle of $G$. We apply this to extend a number of results and conjectures on finite graphs to Hamiltonian curves in infinite locally finite graphs. For example, Barnette’s conjecture (that every finite planar cubic 3-connected bipartite graph is Hamiltonian) is equivalent to the statement that every one-ended planar cubic 3-connected bipartite graph has a Hamiltonian curve. It is also equivalent to the statement that every planar cubic 3-connected bipartite graph with a nowhere-zero 3-flow (with no restriction on the number of ends) has a Hamiltonian curve. However, there are 7-ended planar cubic 3-connected bipartite graphs that do not have a Hamiltonian curve. Joint work  with André Kündgen and Carsten Thomassen.

#### Hongliang Lu, On minimum degree thresholds for fractional perfect matchings and near perfect matchings in hypergraphs

We study degree conditions for the existence of large matchings and fractional perfect matching in uniform hypergraphs. Firstly, we give some sufficient conditions for $k$-graphs to have fractional perfect matching in terms of minimum degree. Secondly, we prove that for integers $k,l,n$ with $k\ge 3$, $k/2<l<k$, and $n$ large, if $H$ is a $k$-uniform hypergraph on $n$ vertices and $\delta_{l}(H)>{n-l\choose k-l}-{(n-l)-(\lceil n/k \rceil-2)\choose 2}$, then $H$ has a matching covering all but a constant number of vertices.  When $l=k-2$ and $k\ge 5$, such a matching is near perfect and our bound on $\delta_l(H)$ is best possible. When $k=3$, with the help of an absorbing lemma of Hàn, Person, and Schacht, our proof also implies that $H$ has a perfect matching, a result proved by Kühn, Osthus, and Treglown and, independently, of Kahn. Joint work with Xingxing Yu and Xiaofan Yuan.

#### Abhishek Methuku, On a hypergraph bipartite Turán problem

Let $t$ be an integer such that $t\geq 2$. Let $K_{2,t}^{(3)}$ denote the triple system consisting of the $2t$ triples $\{a,x_i,y_i\}$, $\{b,x_i,y_i\}$ for $1 \le i \le t$, where the elements $a, b, x_1, x_2, \ldots, x_t,$ $y_1, y_2, \ldots, y_t$ are all distinct. Let $ex(n,K_{2,t}^{(3)})$ denote the maximum size of a triple system on $n$ elements that does not contain $K_{2,t}^{(3)}$. This function was studied by Mubayi and Verstraëte, where the special case $t=2$ was a problem of Erdős that was studied by various authors. Mubayi and Verstraëte proved that $ex(n,K_{2,t}^{(3)})<t^4\binom{n}{2}$ and that for infinitely many $n$, $ex(n,K_{2,t}^{(3)})\geq \frac{2t-1}{3} \binom{n}{2}$. These bounds together with a standard argument show that $g(t):=\lim_{n\to \infty} ex(n,K_{2,t}^{(3)})/\binom{n}{2}$ exists and that $\frac{2t-1}{3}\leq g(t)\leq t^4.$ Addressing a 15 year old question of Mubayi and Verstraëte on the growth rate of $g(t)$, we prove that as $t \to \infty$, $g(t) = \Theta(t^{1+o(1)}).$ Joint work with Beka Ergemlidze and Tao Jiang.

#### Atsuhiro Nakamoto, Geometric quadrangulations on the plane

Let $P$ be a point set on the plane with $|P| \geq 4$ in a general position (i.e., no three points lie on the same straight line). A geometric quadrangulation $Q$ on $P$ is a geometric plane graph (i.e., every edge is a straight segment) such that the outer cycle of $Q$ coincides with the boundary of the convex hull ${\rm Conv}(P)$ of $P$ and that each finite face of $Q$ is quadrilateral. We say that $P$ is quadrangulatable if $P$ admits a geometric quadrangulation. It is easy to see that if $P$ has an even number of points on the boundary of ${\rm Conv}(P)$, then $P$ is quadrangulatable. Suppose that $P$ is $k$-colored for $k \geq 2$, and that no two consecutive points on the boundary of ${\rm Conv}(P)$ have the same color. Let us consider whether $P$ is quadrangulatable with no edge joining two points with the same color. Then we see that $P$ is not necessarily quadrangulatable. Hence, introducing Steiner points $S$ for $P$, which are ones put in the interior of ${\rm Conv}(P)$ as we like, we consider whether $P \cup S$ is quadrangulatable. Intuitively, for any $k$-colored $P$, adding sufficiently large Steiner points $S$, we wonder if $P \cup S$ is quadrangulatable. However, we surprisingly see that it is impossible when $k=3$ (Alvarez et al., 2007). In my talk, we summarize these researches on quadrangulatability of point sets with Steiner points, and describe a relation with coloring of topological quadrangulations (Alvarez and Nakamoto, 2012 and Kato et al., 2014). Moreover, we describe a recent progress on a similar topic on quadrangulatability of a polygon with Steiner points.

#### Kenta Noguchi, Extension of a quadrangulation to triangulations, and spanning quadrangulations of a triangulation

A triangulation (resp., a quadrangulation) on a surface $S$ is a map of a graph (possibly with multiple edges and loops) on $S$ with each face bounded by a closed walk of length $3$ (resp., $4$). In this talk, we focus on the relationship between triangulations and quadrangulations on a surface. (I) An extension of a graph $G$ is the construction of a new graph by adding edges to some pairs of vertices in $G$. It is easy to see that every quadrangulation $G$ on any surface can be extended to a triangulation by adding a diagonal to each face of $G$. If we require the resulting triangulation to have more properties, the problem might be difficult and interesting. Our two main results are as follows. Every quadrangulation on any surface can be extended to an even (i.e. Eulerian) triangulation. Furthermore, we give the explicit formula for the number of distinct even triangulations extended from a given quadrangulation on a surface. These completely solves the problem raised by Zhang and He (2005). (II) It is easy to see that every loopless triangulation $G$ on any surface has a quadrangulation as a spanning subgraph of $G$. As well as (I), if we require the resulting quadrangulation to have more properties, the problem might be difficult and interesting. Kündgen and Thomassen (2017) proved that every loopless even triangulation $G$ on the torus has a spanning nonbipartite quadrangulation, and that if $G$ has sufficiently large face width, then $G$ also has a bipartite one. We prove that a loopless even triangulation $G$ on the torus has a spanning bipartite quadrangulation if and only if $G$ does not have $K_7$ as a subgraph. This talk is based on the papers (2015, 2019, 2019). Joint work with Atsuhiro Nakamoto and Kenta Ozeki.

#### Kenta Ozeki, An orientation of graphs with out-degree constraint

An orientation of an (undirected) graph $G$ is an assignment of directions to each edge of $G$. An orientation with certain properties has much attracted because of its applications, such as a list-coloring, and Tutte’s $3$-flow conjecture. In this talk, we consider an orientation such that the out-degree of each vertex is contained in a given list. For an orientation $O$ of $G$ and a vertex $v$, we denote by $d_O^+(v)$ the out-degree of $v$ in the digraph $G$ with respect to the orientation $O$. Recall that the number of outgoing edges is the out-degree. We denote by $\mathbb{N}$ the set of natural numbers (including $0$). For a graph $G$ and a mapping $L: V(G)\rightarrow 2^{\mathbb{N}}$, an orientation $O$ of $G$ such that $d_O^+(v) \in L(v)$ for each vertex $v$ is called an $L$-orientation. In this talk, we pose the following conjecture. Conjecture. Let $G$ be a graph and let $L: V(G) \rightarrow 2^{\mathbb{N}}$ be a mapping. If $|L(v)| \ \geq \ \frac{1}{2}\Big(d_G(v) +3\Big)$for each vertex $v$, then $G$ has an $L$-orientation. I will explain some results related to Conjecture; the best possibility if it is true, and partial solutions for bipartite graphs. However, it is open even for complete graphs. This talk is based on the paper https://doi.org/10.1002/jgt.22498. Joint work with S. Akbari, M. Dalirrooyfard, K.Ehsani, and R. Sherkati.

#### Boram Park, 5-star coloring of some sparse graphs

A star $k$-coloring of a graph $G$ is a proper (vertex) $k$-coloring of $G$ such that the vertices on a path of length three receive at least three colors. Given a graph $G$, its star chromatic number, denoted $\chi_s(G)$, is the minimum integer $k$ for which $G$ admits a star $k$-coloring. Studying star coloring of sparse graphs is an active area of research, especially in terms of the maximum average degree $\mathrm{mad}(G)$ of a graph $G$. It is known that for a graph $G$, if $\mathrm{mad}(G)<\frac{8}{3}$, then $\chi_s(G)\leq 6$ (Kündgen and Timmons, 2010), and if $\mathrm{mad}(G)< \frac{18}{7}$ and its girth is at least 6, then $\chi_s(G)\le 5$ (Bu et al., 2009). We improve both results by showing that for a graph $G$ with $\mathrm{mad}(G)\le \frac{8}{3}$, then $\chi_s(G)\le 5$. As an immediate corollary, we obtain that a planar graph with girth at least 8 has a star 5-coloring, improving the best known girth condition for a planar graph to have a star 5-coloring (Kündgen and Timmons, 2010 and Timmons, 2008). Joint work with Ilkyoo Choi.

#### Yuejian Peng, Lagrangian densities of hypergraphs

Given a positive integer $n$ and an $r$-uniform hypergraph $H$, the Turán number $ex(n, H)$ is the maximum number of edges in an $H$-free $r$-uniform hypergraph on $n$ vertices. The Turán density of $H$ is defined as $\pi(H)=\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty} { ex(n,H) \over {n \choose r } }.$ The Lagrangian density of an $r$-uniform graph $H$ is $\pi_{\lambda}(H)=\sup \{r! \lambda(G):G\;\text{is}\;H\text{-free}\},$ where $\lambda(G)$ is the Lagrangian of $G$. The Lagrangian of a hypergraph has been a useful tool in hypergraph extremal problems. Recently, Lagrangian densities of hypergraphs and Turán numbers of their extensions have been studied actively. The Lagrangian density of an $r$-uniform hypergraph $H$ is the same as the Turán density of the extension of $H$. Therefore, these two densities of $H$ equal if every pair of vertices of $H$ is contained in an edge. For example, to determine the Lagrangian density of $K_4^{3}$ is equivalent to determine the Turán density of $K_4^{3}$. For an $r$-uniform graph $H$ on $t$ vertices, it is clear that $\pi_{\lambda}(H)\ge r!\lambda{(K_{t-1}^r)}$, where $K_{t-1}^r$ is the complete $r$-uniform graph on $t-1$ vertices. We say that an $r$-uniform hypergraph $H$ on $t$ vertices is $\lambda$-perfect if $\pi_{\lambda}(H)= r!\lambda{(K_{t-1}^r)}$. A result of Motzkin and Straus implies that all graphs are $\lambda$-perfect. It is interesting to explore what kind of hypergraphs are $\lambda$-perfect. We present some open problems and recent results.

#### Zi-Xia Song, Ramsey numbers of cycles under Gallai colorings

For a graph $H$ and an integer $k\ge1$, the $k$-color Ramsey number $R_k(H)$ is the least integer $N$ such that every $k$-coloring of the edges of the complete graph $K_N$ contains a monochromatic copy of $H$. Let $C_m$ denote the cycle on $m\ge4$ vertices. For odd cycles, Bondy and Erdős in 1973 conjectured that for all $k\ge1$ and $n\ge2$, $R_k(C_{2n+1})=n\cdot 2^k+1$. Recently, this conjecture has been verified to be true for all fixed $k$ and all $n$ sufficiently large by Jenssen and Skokan; and false for all fixed $n$ and all $k$ sufficiently large by Day and Johnson (2017). Even cycles behave rather differently in this context. Little is known about the behavior of $R_k(C_{2n})$ in general. In this talk we will present our recent results on Ramsey numbers of cycles under Gallai colorings, where a Gallai coloring is a coloring of the edges of a complete graph without rainbow triangles. We prove that the aforementioned conjecture holds for all $k$ and all $n$ under Gallai colorings. We also completely determine the Ramsey number of even cycles under Gallai colorings. Joint work with Yaojun Chen and Fangfang Zhang.

#### Tomáš Kaiser, Hamilton cycles in tough chordal graphs

Chvátal conjectured in 1973 that all graphs with sufficiently high toughness are Hamiltonian. The conjecture remains open, but it is known to be true for various classes of graphs, including chordal graphs, claw-free graphs or planar graphs. We will discuss the case of chordal graphs and outline our proof that 10-tough chordal graphs are Hamiltonian, relying on a hypergraph version of Hall’s Theorem as our main tool. This improves a previous result due to Chen et al. (1998) where the constant $10$ is replaced by $18$. Joint work with Adam Kabela.

#### Maho Yokota, Connectivity, toughness and forbidden subgraph conditions

Let $\textrm{conn}(G)$ and $\textrm{tough}(G)$ denote the connectivity and the toughness of $G$. We know that low connectivity implies low toughness; if $\textrm{conn}(G)\leq k$, then $\textrm{tough}(G) \leq k/2$. On the other hand, we also know the converse is not true. We can construct a graph with high connectivity and low toughness. About this, we have next proposition. Proposition 1. Let $G$ be a graph, $k$ be an integer with $k\geq 1$ and $r$ be a real number with $r>1$. If $G$ is $k$-connected and $K_{1,\lfloor r \rfloor +1}$-free, then $\textrm{tough}(G)\geq k/r$. It means high connectivity implies high toughness under the star-free condition. Our purpose is to prove assertions which can be regarded as a converse of this statement; that is say, we ask what we can say about $\mathcal H$ if high connectivity implies high toughness in the family of $\mathcal H$-free graphs. About this question, Ota and Sueiro (2013) proved the following theorem. Theorem 1 (Ota and Sueiro). Let $H$ be a connected graph and $\tau$ be a real number with $0<\tau\leq 1/2$. Almost all $H$-free connected graphs $G$ satisfy $\textrm{tough}(G)\geq \tau$ if and only if $K_{1,\lfloor 1/\tau \rfloor +1}$ contains $H$ as an induced subgraph. Our main result is high connectivity versions of this theorem. We proved the following theorems. Theorem 2. Let $H$ be a connected graph, $k$ be an integer with $k\geq 1$ and $r$ be a real number with $r>1$. Almost all $H$-free $k$-connected graphs $G$ satisfy $\textrm{tough}(G)\geq k/r$ if and only if $K_{1,\lfloor 1/\tau \rfloor +1}$ contains $H$ as an induced subgraph. Theorem 3. Let $\mathcal H=\{H_1,H_2\}$ be a family of connected graphs,  $k$ be an integer with $k\geq 1$ and $r$ be a real number with $r>1$. Almost all $\mathcal H$-free $k$-connected graphs $G$ satisfy $\textrm{tough}(G)\geq k/r$ if and only if $K_{1,\lfloor 1/\tau \rfloor +1}$ contains one of $H$ as an induced subgraph.

#### Xuding Zhu, List colouring and Alon-Tarsi number of planar graphs

A $d$-defective colouring of a graph $G$ is a colouring of the vertices of $G$ such that each vertex $v$ has at most $d$ neighbours coloured the same colour as $v$. We say $G$ is $d$-defective $k$-choosable if for any $k$-assignment $L$ of $G$, there exists a $d$-defective $L$-colouring, i.e., a $d$-defective colouring $f$ with $f(v) \in L(v)$ for each vertex $v$. It was proved by Eaton and Hull (1999) and Škrekovski (1999) that every planar graph is $2$-defective $3$-choosable, and proved by Cushing and Kierstead (2010) that every planar graph is $1$-defective $4$-choosable. In other words, for a planar graph $G$, for any $3$-assigment $L$ of $G$, there is a subgraph $H$ with $\Delta(H) \le 2$ such that $G-E(H)$ is $L$-colourable; and for any $4$-list assignment $L$ of $G$, there is a subgraph $H$ with $\Delta(H) \le 1$ such that $G-E(H)$ is $L$-colourable. An interesting problem is whether there is a subgraph $H$ with $\Delta(H) \le 2$ such that $G-E(H)$ is $3$-choosable, and whether there is a subgraph $H$ with $\Delta(H) \le 1$ such that $G-E(H)$ is $4$-choosable. It turns out that the answer to the first question is negative and the answer to the second question is positive. Kim, Kim and I proved that there is a planar graph $G$ such that for any subgraph $H$ with $\Delta(H)=3$, $G-E(H)$ is not $3$-choosable. Grytczuk and I proved that every planar graph $G$ has a matching $M$ such that $G-M$ has Alon-Tarsi number at most $4$, and hence is $4$-choosable. The late result also implies that every planar graph is $1$-defective $4$-paintable. For a subset $X$ of $V(G)$, let $f_X$ be the function defined as $f_X(v)=4$ for $v \in X$ and $f_X(v)=5$ for $v \in V(G)-X$. Our proof also shows that every planar graph $G$ has a subset $X$ of size $|X| \ge |V(G)|/2$ such that $G$ is $f_X$-AT, which implies that $G$ is $f_X$-choosable and also $f_X$-paintable. In this talk, we shall present the proof and discuss possible strengthening of this result.

기초과학연구원 수리및계산과학연구단 이산수학그룹
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IBS Discrete Mathematics Group (DIMAG)
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