Tomohiro Koana, A Single-Exponential FPT Algorithm for 2-Vertex-Connectivity Augmentation

We study restricted-link augmentation to 2-vertex-connectivity. An instance consists of a graph $G$, possibly disconnected, a set $L$ of admissible links on its vertices, integer link costs in $\{1, \ldots, W\}$, and an integer $k$; the task is to add at most $k$ links of minimum total cost so that the resulting multigraph is 2-vertex-connected. Recent work gives $O^*(k^{O(k)})$-time algorithms for unweighted λ-vertex-connectivity augmentation for every λ ≤ 4 [Carmesin and Ramanujan, SODA 2026], and an $O^*((k + λ)^{O(k)})$-time algorithm for arbitrary λ [Korhonen and Thorup, FOCS 2026]. We give a deterministic algorithm with running time $O^*(36^k W)$. Thus, for λ = 2, the unweighted running time improves from $O^*(k^{O(k)})$ to $O^*(36^k)$, and the algorithm also handles link costs with pseudo-polynomial dependence on $W$.

We reduce the problem to a boundary-pair variant of 2-vertex-connected spanning subgraph, where each vertex is assigned a pair of incident edges with an associated pair cost. We solve this variant using a cancellation identity, inspired by Cut&Count [Cygan et al., TALG 2022], obtained by applying Möbius inversion to decompositions along cut vertices: the identity cancels every connected spanning graph with more than one block and keeps exactly the 2-vertex-connected spanning graphs.